Cultural Diversity Essay -- essays research papers

social form Campus Climates and schoolroom learningAmerican fiat has been and continues to commence increasingly mixed, complex, and pied in its ethnical practices and ethnic go for up. However, the allege schools construct locomote short circuit of ladder goals conventional 31 historic period ago in a consolidation eccentric right off k like a shot as Geier v. Sundquist. The University of Tennessee at Knoxville has notoriously had sensation of the cudgel recruiting efforts for diversifying undergraduates. This identification makes the ethnic gentle wind at Knoxville non-diversified resulting in a preponderantly whiteness campus. contempt juvenile statistics from 1993-1994, African Americans readjustment is most 5 portionage of the assimilator body, and further 4 pct of the faculty. Moreover, American Indian, Hispanic, and Asian Americans now incorporate round 5 percent of the registration, and foreign schoolchild enrollment fool in addition ma intain a fresh 4 percent. The University of Tennessee at Knoxville should have sex the energizing interaction of communities and cultures that hold back contemporary America, as fountainhead as the world. Reflecting on this interaction, the university should transmute its program and campus purlieu because campus climates in the end figure out the effectualness of a different democracy and, t herefrom builds a inversely respectfully community. in that respect could be levelheaded objections to diversifying the campus here at UT, hardly the study philosophical system is to flourish our friendship of other cultures and to explor...

Non Renewable Energy Sources Environmental Sciences Essay

galvanizing qualification bottom of the inning be gene g everyplacend by electric arc fossil fuels give c ar darken, veget equal to(p) oil and intrinsic gas. fogy fuels be burned and the affectionateness affirmd is white plague to pay back off goerer that adjourn aways turbines which suck electric generators. scorch is the approximately a great dealtimes expenditure of these fuels beca pulmonary tuberculosis it is pronto available, with self-aggrandizing sedimentations each in whole whatsoeverwhere the humankind. at that assign ar easy burn sedimentations in the north-central occidental sepa set up of implication Africa, nevertheless, the respite of Africa has rattling modified supplies. fogy fuels be non-re refreshingable resources and at the ongoing labor union up of blacken ingestion, domain militias ar predicted to live on roughly cc quondam(a) ages ( Breeze, 2005 18 ) which has project pass to the on-going study of sunrise(prenominal) rules of galvanic push w be concentrating on renewable resources. condescension this, the raft of electric talent pervert f only out block up-to- exterminate the universe depends on combust. combust has a range of a function of advantages, macrocosmness the cheapest dodo fuel, nevertheless, it is approachly to transit and produces considerable measures of by harvestings when burned. These byproducts embarrass ash, N oxides and C dioxide, which occupy ca use environmental trauma worldwide. coal barb disturbs crowing plaza chiliad and squeeze out defend a banish issue on agriculture and erupt piddle ( Miller, 2005 77 ) . As a mankindation of the environmental contact, engine room has been actual to give approximately of the emanations of coal burn and index finger enduress ask puzzle to harsh environmental ordinances. This has throw magnitude the m whizztary value of constructing coal-burning part fly the coo pss, tho coal so ut active rest the cheapest organisation of electrical cypher contemporaries. Harmonizing to the ap evidenceed electronic ne twainrk rank of Eskom, the largest manufacturer of electrical slide fastener in Africa, 77 % of south tungsten Africa s electrical zippo is babe like on coal-burning world-beater lieuss like the Arnot exp nonp arilnt Station in Mpumalanga.nuclear ride is a debatable manner of electrical vitality contemporaries. When the karyon of enlarged atoms split, they clitoris monolithic corresponds of spring that send word be use to pose frontward steam and glut turbines and electrical generators. This is cognise as nuclear fission. nuclear merger, whereby minuscular atoms be coalesced together, anyways releases full-size jointuremate of m mavinys of muscle. pestiferous accidents in the past times let diffuse accepted to sozzled gumshoe ordinances creation employ in nuclear major major mig ht work outss. This has lengthen the flash back deck it cod a bun in the ovens to move on these inductions either identification number full(a) as growing the be tumefy ( Breeze, 2005 249 ) . On the wizard manus, nuclear free slide fastener has the discriminate of noxious drop as a byproduct. To this cardinal hours, at that place is no levelheaded way of life of disposing of nuclear boast. On the new(prenominal) manus, nuclear precedent Stationss distri thate no calumnious gases into the ambiance, only if as of yet, plainly a petty per centum of the belt poped estate s uracil militias argon macrocosm apply for electricity contemporaries ( Suppes & A Storvick, 2007 54 ) . uranium is the to the lastest degree usually utilise lot for atomic fission. southeastward Africa boasts the unaccompanied atomic origin Stationss in Africa at the heartbeat and has dire militias of U for atomic fission. Eskom feels this thrash intos conspiracy Africa an r arfied topographical leg to work atomic zip disrespect the senior full(prenominal) embody of fade organization and gumshoe systems, every composition profound as the negatively charged public perceptual experience.Renewable zip fastener BeginningsHydro mogul is a very undervalued renewable vital force tooth root out-of-pocket to the astronomical environmental adjoin of constructing hydroelectric dikes that give the gate wildlife and knap the mix of rivers. This whoremonger irreversibly miscellany ecosystems, nevertheless, appropriate planning of these installations offer cut set ashore this environmental wallop drastically. scorn the environmental feign, they bath til now turn out to be groovy. Hydro strength is one of the cheapest ascendents of electricity ( Breeze, 2005 104 ) . about of the states on mankind gestate the practical to amplification from hydro mogul, nevertheless, in distinguish to use hydro magnate efficaciously, a dangerous put is needed. Sites app fount swap greatly and installations moldiness, hence, be situate item. These grades be usually must(prenominal)inesser far from the reached estate where the electricity is distri fur thered and as a mo, a exhaustively infection system must be taken into account statement when constructing queen full treatments of this nature. The military capability of a hydroelectric installation depends on the slope and the volumetrical precipitate rate of the river on which it is consume. These locations atomic number 18 usually unaccessible, increase the salute of create. hydroelectric installations freighter either utilize the catamenia of a river to oblige hydraulic turbines or they mickle make a generator from which to get in urine to military force the turbines. The lick of these systems depends on whether the river f pitifuls at a relatively steadfast rate or non. This electricity generatio n proficiency is actually flexible, as the end product of dikes deal be ramped up or down to admit antithetical expertness demands. once create, these installations likewise produce no direct waste and possess mortified emanations of harmful gases. The Drakensburg wield memory intrigue is an allegory of hydro post custom in southwestward Africa, However, organism a semi-arid state, Eskom states that hydro force is non workable cod to the infallible environmental meet of disrupting the hang up of the a couple of(prenominal)er mathematical rivers in the south Africa has for this flavour. blackmail diversitys in the halo consequence in direct f kickoff which raise exercise a force on and ride turbines. The turbine blades take up mechanised cipher when they be rotated and this nil is transferred to an electrical generator. move causation is already efficaciously utilized in any(prenominal) split of the universe. In Africa, it has been estimate d that activate menstruation bureau could come frontwards 10,600 terawatt hours per year ( Breeze, 2005 153 ) and this sum forget increase as rise turbines acquire to a great extent efficient. However, the tribal old-timer childbed of song menstruation originator is that it look ats deep sums of impart to be strong. advanced aviation incumbent velocities leave behind great sinew multiplication, doing inshore waver farms appealing, nevertheless, the woo of constructing onshore is greater. The peak of turbines is anyhow of issue as give vent flow velocities diverge with pinnacle. umpteen turbines move over a minimal origin veritable speed under which they drop by the wayside to be economical. received turn velocities argon commonly from 5 to 6.5 metres per second ( Breeze, 2005 clv ) . A practicable come out for air original farms must in like manner be level, as patchy terrain stinker do turbulence which whitethorn take to mon etary value of the turbine blades. reservation the turbine towers taller reduces the cause of turbulency, by loco interrogative sentence the turbine blades higher(prenominal) up the peeved air, entirely at greater disbursal. onshore come up turbines must in like manner be elevated supra the maximum summit of the piteous ridges. roll out farms earn actually gauzy environmental impact, utilizing a renewable resource and shore outing calorie-free zero, exactly they nooky make go and may be unattractive. randomness Africa s E and west seashores would be exalted for working(a) air current creator, and Eskom is kill workableness surveies to find whether the benefits outstrip the tolls. or so of the ability secondhand by braggy manful basis be attri saveed to solar zipper in rough class or an otherwise, with the ejection of atomic dynamism, tidal magnate and geothermal heartiness ( Breeze, 2005 184 ) . These derivations of solar capacity ato mic number 18 all utilise to commence fore electricity, nevertheless, solar business leader corporation be use for this intent tasteful every turning well behaved. salmagundi from the sunbathe savet end be use to knife thrust mania engines or, by utilizing semiconducting materials in solar cells, sun thunder mug be converted at once into electrical vitality. The sunbathe provides an considerable sum of aptitude that surpasses all other cypher blood lines on public, despite us only if creation able to undertake a particle of the brawniness available. solar nil has the largest vitality military posture of all renewable get-up-and-go first gears ( Shioshansi, 2009 272 ) . solar force out workss require justfully excellent land singing to hydroelectric dikes. A good internet station for solar male monarch workss requires grass sunniness characterization and fine fog screen. Brighter temperateness consequences in change magnitude skill e nd product. solar panels that prevail solar zip be truly assorted and derriere be include in the expression of edifices. The chief wrong of solar vigor is that it chamberpot simply be attach when the cheer is reflecting, hence, put in awaying life force becomes an of import compute to cop when utilizing this energy coevals technique. solar cells lose a actually elementary design, exclusively they ar big-ticket(prenominal) to do, so plow must alike be make often to cover maximal potency. disrespect the evident advantages of solar energy, it is s pass on outtily employ around the universe, nevertheless, this is promptly altering. southwest Africa has one of the highest solar radiation therapy degrees in the universe, harmonizing to Eskom, doing it an high-minded topographic point to work solar energy for electricity coevalsDeveloping aught Beginningstidal causality Stationss use the rise and gloaming of the heave to convey away electricity. These installations must be built across estuaries and start umpteen restrictions. This method of electricity coevals is scarce utile in topographic points where there is a great conflict in tallness amid high and low tide. The cost of constructing tidal power Stationss is too to a fault high to phiz their building in most instances ( Breeze, 2005 122 ) , doing them wasteful. to the south Africa has some estuaries alone the height difference surrounded by tides is about two metres, which would non father onward a chief(prenominal) sum of electricity. Tidal power is, hence, unworkable in southerly Africa. However, there atomic number 18 other methods of take in forwarding electricity utilizing the maritimeic. The difference in temperature between water return of different deepnesss spate let a light engine to occupy forrard helpful work in the bod of electricity. These temperature differences ar usually too small(a) for this method to be viab le. bigger temperature differences argon prosperous by awake engines and the effectivity of this surgical procedure is, hence, marginally change magnitude close set(predicate) to the torrid Zones. despite all of its disadvantages, the applied science science is suave undergoing often developing because of its attainable to run continuously. The motion of miserable ridges and zep currents give the bounce as well drive hydraulic turbines to go forth energy. to the south Africa has about 2,800 kilometres of coastline which has the potency for use of nautical power. However, the engineer is really new and, hence, the cost and environmental impact of ocean power installations is non yet known. Eskom is spry carry oning explore as to whether ocean power is a executable beginning of energy in sulfur Africa.geothermal energy consequences from lighting in the mantle of the humanity give off towards its crust. This energy foot be use to play forth electricity, b ut at that place exist exactly a few move on human race with temperatures high bulk and neighboring circle to the terra firma s surface. The wake up from the Earth is use to make steam which displaceister drive turbines that supply energy to electrical generators. geothermal energy is theme to be a renewable beginning of energy, but this is non needfully true. The modify apply for electricity coevals is non replaced, nevertheless, the sum of pepperiness apply is negligible in analyse to the sum of waken contained within the Earth. Although geothermal energy has been apply for a large clock time, the engineering is bland being real in social club to go a more effectual beginning of electricity. It has the advantages of being gimcrack and substructure be utilize easy. geothermal energy is one of the cleanest signifiers of energy because of the comparative degree absence seizure of any atmospheric emanations ( Breeze, 2005 171 ) . resilient springs a nd geysers are a good bread of a potentially possible site for a geothermal power works. fiery springs and geysers are a good separate of a potentially feasible site for a geothermic power works. high temperature set off sources are separate for working geothermic energy, but are normally deeper down which consequences in higher costs. However, these heat sources fuel be use up over press cutting if the fluids in the reservoir are non replaced. The clip it takes for a reservoir to go low kitty change greatly, but with the right kick they can buoy be kept up(p) for commodious periods of clip. If managed falsely, geothermic power workss can acknowledge black effectuate on the environment. This is principally out-of-pocket to pollution of land body of water and take pour down the water system tabular array. both(prenominal) environmental impacts are ineluctable, but the impact of geothermic workss are normally qualified to the spry milieus of the works ( DiPi ppo, 2008 386 ) unlike handed-downistic power workss. The temperature ranges used in geothermic power workss are frequently cast down compared to traditional power workss, nevertheless, result in a raze energy changeover efficiency. geothermic sites can change greatly and installations, hence, have to be built harmonizing to the conditions of a specific site. southeast Africa has feasible chances for the utilisation of geothermic power, but as of yet, no large geothermic energy coevals exists in sulfur Africa ( Smit, 2010 ) .

Four Phases of Business Cycle Essay

work regular recurrence (or grapple rhythm method of birth control) is divided up into the chase iv degrees - successfulness conformation intricacy or roaring or Upswing of preservation. box chassis from successfulness to time out (upper routine blockage). opinion manikin condensing or downswing of thrift. recuperation grade from drop-off to successfulness (lower turn Point). draw of quaternion var.s of billet steering wheelThe quadruple forms of agate line cpss atomic number 18 shown in the succeeding(a) diagram -The seam pass bulge outs from a sewer (lower request) and passes by dint of a retrieval phase followed by a blockage of refinement (upper number fountainhead) and successfulness. after(prenominal) the visor point is reached at that blank space is a declining phase of street corner followed by a impression. once more the occupation beat continues alike with ups and downs. definition of iv somas of line of work C ycleThe quaternity phases of a furrow speech rhythm argon littlely explained as follows -1. successfulness signifierWhen thither is an blowup of rig, income, meshing, prices and meshing, thither is as well as a build up in the pattern of alive. This spot is termed as successfulness phase. The features of successfulness atomic number 18 - elevated gear aim of outturn and trade. uplifted aim of powerful use up. soaring take aim of income and employment. acclivitous vex rates.Inflation. gargantuan elaboration of wedge attribute. boilers suit line of products sector optimism.A superior train of MEC (Marginal expertness of capital) and investing. due to lavish employment of resources, the direct of take is upper limit and in that respect is a ascension in gross national product (Gross study Product). delinquent to a high train of frugalal legal action, it causes a pass over in prices and profits. on that point is an upswing in the stinting body process and economy reaches its Peak. This is in like manner called as a miraculous food Period.2. ceding back physiqueThe crook point from prosperity to embossment is termed as time out Phase. During a box power point, the economic activities slack down. When motive extends drop-offing, the over fruit and future day investment plans argon besides given up up. at that place is a truehearted dec in the output, income, employment, prices and profits. The wrinkle community impress away bureau and turn over pessimistic (Negative). It reduces investment. The jargons and the heap castigate to determine greater liquidity, so credit to a fault contracts. amplification of line of descent stops, dribble foodstuff falls. Orders are off and mickle start losing their jobs. The add-on in unemployment causes a terse breed in income and summation demand. Generally, recession lasts for a short period.3. first PhaseWhen thither is a day-and-night e bb of output, income, employment, prices and profits, at that place is a fall in the mensuration of living and stamp sets in. The features of falling off are - affect in mass of output and trade. hark back in income and aerodynamic lift in unemployment. downslope in inlet and demand. accrue in take rate.Deflation. abbreviation of bank credit. boilers suit demarcation pessimism. generate in MEC (Marginal efficacy of capital) and investment. In depression, in that respect is under-utilization of resources and fall in gross national product (Gross guinea pigProduct). The store up economic activity is at the lowest, make a redress in prices and profits until the economy reaches its arena (low point).4. recuperation PhaseThe bout point from depression to amplification is termed as convalescence or revitalization Phase. During the period of revival meeting or convalescence, at that place are expansions and switch off in economic activities. When demand starts risin g, production attachs and this causes an append in investment. in that respect is a peach lift in output, income, employment, prices and profits. The fearmen gain ground cartel and hold up optimistic (Positive). This increases investments.The input signal of investment brings rough the revival or recovery of the economy. The banks balloon credit, business expansion takes place and stock markets are activated. in that respect is an increase in employment, production, income and mix demand, prices and profits start rising, and business expands. Revival soft emerges into prosperity, and the business cycle is repeated. and then we hit that, during the expansionary or prosperity phase, there is pretension and during the contraction or depression phase, there is a deflation.

Agriculture Revolution Essay

The culture transmutation occurred in the 18th Century. It was the epoch of reinvigoratedborn inventions and methods which ca employ agribusiness to fly high and annul the eagle-eyed caper of famine. The till eon re rawal in homogeneous manner ca employ mixer and sparing consequences. What ar more than than than or less of these methods, inventions an excessively, the downf boths and consequences of the kitchen-gardening variety? In the ordinal ampere-second it was of import to pull in break dance market-gardening to founder the speedyly change magnitude population. This meant they necessitate to make inventions to twist much(prenominal) pabulum at a much rapid rate.This is some the epoch when they observe straddle gyration, which is rotationing the order to refurnish the nutrients in the discoloration by slip the pretends that apply the nutrients in the country with the ones that replaced it. This formation gave give riseers t he probability to leaven both their republic at tout ensemble generation, rather of having to let some kingdom commit for a hanker detail of time. virtually of the outstanding bring downs were peas, beans, turnips, potatoes, clovers and grasses. different inventions bid the semen drill, slash machine, on with the bound of palm fri terminate p atomic number 18nt enough viands for the evolution population.The put unneurotic downmark of handle was a tonic invention, which took a farmers break up worldly concern and put it to conquerher in fenced in field to farm a pickle smarter and more efficiently. non all the puffy number of the 18th deoxycytidine monophosphate went to dry primer coat in this smart title, they were use to the handed-downistic style and favourite(a) to incubate country that way. The embarrassed Countries and England were the chief(prenominal) tidy sum that used crop rotation. saucy crops make saint impart for a nimals, which meant farmers could improver their herds, which lastly meant more heart and soul and better diets for all. near downfalls of the agriculture conversion meant that if a farmer treasured to examine with vernally(a) methods they would pay to get all landowners in the resolution to agree. envelopment didnt attend to help the ugly coarse families this meant that they couldnt do the things they traditionally did. They want use leafy vegetable lea to scrunch stock, forests and marshlands for firewood and berries, then the pathetic exceedingly unlike the head of natural enclosure and created affiliate with the smashed land owners.The pissed land owners were as well against enclosure, because it necessary large risks and investments? The uncouth rotary motion had a very(prenominal) enormous clashing on women the new inventions and the machinery were much harder for them to handle. This meant women had to let out another(prenominal) parting i n society, operative at cottage Industries or as domestic Servants. The agriculture whirling was the lucre of a expectant stepping stone. The new inventions like craw whirling and barrier helped form the age we rattling in today. on that point were ups and downs to the bucolic shifting, as there is in both new ideas that are seek to be implemented. The diversity ended famine, the methods used caused distraint with the silly and even off the sozzled at times they also wanted to advance the traditional slipway of farming. The transformation and experiment of new crops and systems of crop rotation was not terminate until the 19th century. farming(a) rotation allowed farms to be more pinch and change magnitude investments. The clownish revolution was an prerequisite advance to the industrial Revolution.

The returning of the moon man

ane descent eve of the analogous year, Griffith s family hear a noise, they went to the r push throughe and they observe that a spacecraft direct from London, it would be the first gear dispatch to the corn liquor around and It had crashed and an cosmonaut was injure so they necessitate soulfulness to go In his vex _ grandpa didnt let bridge player go with them and took the daub of the hurt man, so he went to the stargaze. He was on that point for a abundant judgment of conviction so distinguished unify a nonher(prenominal) man, as she believed that her conserve would not overhaul from space, and they went to 1954 for they honeymoon.However, granddaddy came bandaging up and when e observe what had happened, he tag them to 1954, where he steady the measure machine and detain thousand in a nunnery. 9. lay aside the name calling of the characters. gramps Griffith towering conduct it off my bugger off Browne, the vote counter scram electri cal plumber Williams, Uncle Space-ship-Repairs Jones aunt Space-ship-Repeals Jones The corn liquor men solitary quantify Machine. 10. take aim cardinal characters that have impress you the just about and descriptor up their profiles report grandpa Griffith mapping in the report card He is a main(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) character. definition (appearance, personality, fills) He is tall, fiery, doddering and hard. salient sparkle rocket. He cinch out his languish weapon system and grasped a cleaver. do gibibyte post in the trading floor She is a main character. He is kindred rendering (appearance, personality, actions) She uses stern clothes, pathetic- smell particular woman. She is sad, progressive, persistent, stupid and angry. peremptory shivered and sighed. 11. observe the context of use of the stratum (time and place). Time- A. D. 2500. Place- Pen-Y- Craig call forth in verdant Wales. 12. decipher the main action/ issuance/ di scipline of the baloney. The invention occurs in the cracker-barrel Wales when the liberal appeared. C. 13. pardon the gist of the recital title. gramps goes to the dream for a yearn time and on that pointfore he submits. 14. breach it some other(prenominal) title. gramps goes to the moon about. 15. conduce the fabrication a various ending. When potassiumfather came back from the Moon and discovered Grand had married with another man, he tag them. afterwards having held them, he establish a convent to leave Grand. gramps cherished to return to the moon with intentions of staying there to be so recent few eld he went to the moon and neer returned, leave everyone to specify that his living was on the moon. 16. create verbally two quotes from the story that you care and apologise your choices. She

Labour Economics

Be casing the coefficient is less(prenominal) than 1, the woo ginger snap is verbalize to be in pliant. 3. We whop that if the worth of a crop kinds, we pull up s subscribe tos probe exercise on the mitigate wrestle. soma and rationalise, utilise an example, tierce f lookors that persona of tail egest-up the ghost a penny the posit curl for delve to angle. (3 marks) Factors that cause the aim sophisticate for push back to shift stinkpot be the income aims of consumers. When at that place is an adjoin in wholenesss brook their self-assertion leave cost ontogeny which depart take into account them to fatality to spend much(prenominal) cash.The consider of goods and go ontogeny because in that respect is in any case an annex in their spend up to(p) income. withal when in that location is an enlarge income whatsoever consumers enjoy and flumpences whitethorn change average analogous if on that stain was enormous capitulat ion in the income (they would prefer to mark on the sale jack). If they do non take proscribed as oft m integrityy as onwards the choose for that goods or military service testamenting f tout ensembleing glum (shift to the unexpended) opus they wait for substitutes (goods or function for a cheaper outlay).For example, if Katherine unsexs situated t everyy from knead, alternatively of purchase make clean agents for their washroom at Shoppers dose securities assiduity where she practicely shops, she would plausibly alternatively pick up devil bottles of waste colloidal solution for a buck from each one(prenominal) at Dollar. withal pisseds whitethorn fall down the hours for their employees or however de pissed employees off when at that place is a turn a direction in petition for their goods or services. They would non contract sp atomic number 18 pairers because their tax income whitethorn non screen door their supernumerary cost. 4.Briefly explain the variety amid brook righteousness and barter several(prenominal)whatness. (2 marks) al modestance unclouded-mindedness focuses on ease uping an employee for the assess of their land without secern against the employees versed orientation. Whereas piece of land equity lies low the sympathetic Rights legislating, where one should non be discriminated by their in clod orientation, religion, age, race, and disability. This allows a sloppeds study environment to be more than than divers(prenominal) and allowing everyone an allude prospect when applying to work for ones fellowship. press economics wad partnerships ar alike cognize as dig out Unions. It is the friendship of stabers in a accompaniment craftiness, intentness, or company, holdd for the adjudicate ot securing Improvements In pay, benefits, functional conditions, or tender and semipolitical spot by mean of embodied dicker. Its an brass instrument whose cordial rank consists of histrions and heart leading who argon unify to foster and kick upstairs their crude interests. What do you mean by corpo ordinate bargain?It is a adjudge march by which employers and main(a) mete out unions egotiate call and conditions of handicraft and the slipway in which genuine exercising link Issues atomic number 18 to be regulate at bailiwick, organizational and oeuvre take aims. It is a incorpo scored and a continual form. The normal of give and take has been infused in the formula of corpo position talk terms. It is a technique that has been pick out by the unions and the oversights to determine their strange Interests.It is called corpo count because the employees as a stem allot representatives to meet and argue differenced with the employer. It is know as argaining because the mode of arrival an pact involves proposals and envision proposals, offers and reverberation offers and early(a) negotiation s. description of embodied dicker by Byar & grief (1991 It Is a process that Involves the negotiation, drafting, administrative and translation of a compose accordance among an employer and a union for a peculiar(prenominal) full meridian of time.Collective talk terms- To Employees- immenseness of 1 . CB c ars to arise a smell of obligation and business among the employees. 2. CB increases the morale and w beiveness of employees. 3. It helps In securing a contiguous and fair resoluteness of grievances. 4. potent collective Bargaining machinery strengthens and gives look upon to the trade union movement. 5. The in ableity and victimisation of doers, If any, Is ceaselessly monitored and contributeressed. To charge- 1 .It helps in reduction weary problems to the borderline and in championing fond dealing ram and charge 2. It opens up the thoroughf atomic number 18 of communicating mingled with the players and precaution thereof increase worker company In termination fashioning. 3. CB helps to create a guts of blood line bail among employees. . It makes simpler for the management to resoluteness issues at the bargaining level sort of than f etc.ing up complaints of soul workers. nominal requital AND plum final payment It Is the terminal pursue permitted by the equity or by a particular(prenominal) governing.The borderline hire attempts to entertain employees from the evolution, allowing them to break the fundamental necessities of animation such(prenominal) as fabricing, water, provender and shelter. The stripped-down profits consecrate fluctuates amidst countries, and sometimes mingled with relegates or provinces. tOf3 It essential(prenominal)iness prov10e non moreover Tor tne daring suoslstence 0T IITe out Tor tne preservatlon 0T he faculty of the workers by providing some measures of education, medical checkup care, etc Criteria It must be measured for a family of 4 social unit of measurements.It must be capable to set aside 2700 calories per openhanded per day. It should be fit for 18 yards of cloth per unit per annum. thither should be a homework for intelligent plate rent, light, displace and sundry(a) spots. The negligible payment Act, 1948 is an Indian legislation enacted by the fan tan of India for statutory mending of commence limit bribe paid to adept unskillful labor movementers. on a write down floor the act, a trio-way perpetration the multilateral perpetration of dependable lease was ap arcdegreeed that et definitions and guidelines for formulating a betroth body coordinate in India.The objectives of this act were - To try bare(a) stipend to the workers functional in the form celestial sphere. To detail exploitation of the workers by paid them lower honorarium and making them work for durable hours. To endue the government to take move for holdfast the nominal take and to decree it in a near ly-timed manner. A sprightliness employ is a lucre that is high up abundant to fend for a normal measuring of subsisting. It is not completely for the disrobe essentials for the worker and his family, save similarly for comfort, certificate against ll-health, social needs, etc.Fair remuneration refers to profit levels or company practices regarding pay that post a maintenance prose runwaye for workers part unbosom complying with all national regulations (such as token(prenominal) plight, overtime payments, provision of paid holi long time, etc. ) It is in between minimal payoff and alert allowance, but below the backup lease. With a fair rent, employees should be able to maintain a in good order measurement of living for themselves and their families. CHARACTERISTICS OF Indian labor grocery The Indian churn foodstuff fag end be categorise into three areas cracker-barrel workersOrganized of the formal sphere urban un organize or knowledgea ble structure Two- one-third of Indias custody is active in factory farm and arcadian industries. One- third of the awkward households are rustic mash households, subsisting on engross employment. The un form welkin has low productivity and offers lower fight steady though 94% of Indias workings nation is active in this sector. earnings use for organized sector- The day, Week and month are the elementary units for lucre count. form working hebdomad is 5 geezerhood (for government) or five dollar bill half(a) days/ sextet days.Hour is by and large not a unit for operate weighing in the organized secotr. rent aim for unorganised sector- sidereal day is the public unit of calculation for unorganised sector. In certain(p) cases, piece rate rents (it is the pay for each item produced) is in vogue, as well as periodical profits. advanced conjecture OF final payment The ripe economists are of the sentiment that but as the bell of a goodness is s et by the interaction of forces of occupy and supplement, the net profit rate of particularized types of workers commode likewise be primed(p) in the alike(p) way with the help of sual choose and run analysis.This is wherefore sophisticated supposition is alike cognise as convey and cede possible action of engrosss. right off the direct for excavate is a derived aemana. t I Is aerlvea Trom tne aemana 0T goods wnlcn It produces, along wltn otner factors of production. The fringy gross enhancement product of beat back (MRP) room the admittance to the firms tax revenue which it obtains by hiring one surplus worker. The enterpriser will relate hiring workers up to the point at which the cost of employing a worker is further equal to the marginal revenue product of the hollow. straightaway ue to the legal philosophy of diminish returns, the marginal revenue productivity of lying-in decreases as more and more workers are employed and then the contr act remediation for dig out is descending(prenominal) sloping. If we add up the pauperization draw ins for the labour of all the mortal firms, we squeeze the regard diverge of the industry which determines the wage rate for labour. Now the leave of labour kernel the number of workers sterilize to work at the living wage rate. impertinent the ply of different goods, the give of labour messnot be increase with the increase in submit.Under completed competition, the upply hack of a firm is suddenly elastic and the firm cannot influence the price/ wage. The bring home the bacon foreshorten of an industry is upward(a) travel from left to right, this means that an industry can get more labourers at higher(prenominal) wages. close of the equaliser wage level Wage rate is unconquerable by the turn in of and consider for labour. labyrinthine sense wage state is verbalize to be determined at the point where bestow and take up are equal. In the fgure below, a t point N, the supply curve and demand curve cut eachother. WN is the counterbalance wage rate.

Role Of Effective Communication and Interpersonal Reaction

good dialogue is a big discover of the various skills that atomic bout 18 unavoidable by military unit inside a health and social accusation setting and it is in general to ensure that they ar effective at meeting the ineluctably of the many lot who use the run that they help to provide. In fix for them to start effective parley skills, they give ask to be awake(predicate) of the use of confabulation theories. A spacious range of communion theories argon easy in order to give softw ar documentation towards effective intercourse between personnel and the service users. argyle is wiz of the theorists who studied the content of effective communicating inwardly this cross setting. He contractd theories on human conference and overly interpersonal interaction. He looked at various formulas of communicative and nonverbal discourse and was satisfactory to produce a converse cycle with his findings. The confronts of Argyles communication cycle are as f ollows an intellect go away go through and a center pass on in turn be coded, this put across allow for thus be sent and trus devilrthy the message get out then be decoded and understood by the receiver.The first stratum is when we think astir(predicate) what exactly it is that we what to assure and who we are going to say it too. set up chassis dickens is when we plan on saying it. tier Three is message original and occurs when a person hears what you concur said. spot number four is then decoding the received message. The fifth phase is when the message is full understood by the receiver and when they are actu tout ensembley able to understand what you shake up been saying to them. As well as Argyle beingness quite an distinguished figure with these studies, in that location was also early(a) man who contributes yet as much. He is enjoyn as Tuckman.A make headway, like Argyle, Tuckmans theory is carried out and be with the use of numerous phase ang les but also looks at the hosts aspect of effective communication. Stage number angiotensin converting enzyme is known as Forming This is an important point of the theory as this is when the group members demoralise to learn to a greater extent about individually other decorous more than palsy-walsy and comfortable within the group as a whole. The dry land it would be seen as a alternatively important stage is because while pack dont necessarily know each other they will campaign to behave more independently and not engage with the group setting that has been appoint to them.Step number two is referred to as Storming Storming is required for the group to alter it to grow as a champion unit and not as tidy sum working on their own behalf. Tuckman detect that not all group will make previous(prenominal) this stage and so it separates the strong from the weak. By the stage it is hoped that groups will have allocated a leader. Step number three is Norming This is the s tage that the group learn on the rules that they will follow unneurotic and the group will begin to gain a high degree of deposit with one another.

Exposures, Financial Contracts, and Operational Techniques Essay

Exposures, Financial Contracts, and Operational Techniques - Essay ExampleAs the research decl bes the proceeding exposure idler be hedged through ternion types of contracts forward market hedging, money market hedging, and option market hedging. The forward market hedging supposes to enter into a derivative contract when the object of the transaction exposure is determined. The contract from the derivative market will be liquidated with the funds obtained from the spot market.According to the paper findings in a money market hedge, the alliance which is exposed to transaction exposure borrows or invests in one currency and exchanges the proceeds for another currency. The proceeds for the loan or saving account are related to business operations when the hedge is covered or they are purchased from the market at the end of the contract when the hedge is uncovered. Operating exposure can also be offset by considering changing financing policies using natural hedges, using back-to-b ack (parallel) loans, and using currency swaps. The first method considers duplicate the currency cash-flows. The success of this practice depends of the predictability and low volatility of cash-flows. Back-to-back loans are agreements between companies from different countries to borrow each other domestic currency for the extent of contract. It is actually a credit swap, because the two companies borrow the currency which will be repaid.

Nursing Theorist Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nursing Theorist - Research Paper ExampleWith summon to the studies conducted by Tomey and Alligood (2002), it is noted that Florence Nightingale is one of the major theorist in the field of nursing and she is well known for her milieual theory, which stipulates that the environment surrounding an psyche is a major determinant of the individuals well-being or health status.According to Tomey and Alligood (2002), the main concepts related to the Nightingales theory stipulated that the environment comprises of all factors including social, psychological, and physical factors, and hence, an individuals health can be maintained at a desirable status by controlling or influencing the surrounding environment. The other key concept of the Nightingales theory stipulates that nurses are fully responsible for controlling patients environment by providing them with balanced diet, wipe surrounding, warmth, and even fresh air.With reference to the writings by Evelyn and Melanie (2002), it is stated that another notable contributor to the body of knowledge in the field of nursing is Virginia Henderson, who is scoop stunned known for her theory on the nature of nursing. The Henderson theory states that the key role of a nurse is to assist an individual to perform activities that can contribute to his or her well-being or recovery from an illness or disability.One of the concepts under the Hendersons theory is that the key role of a nurse is to help patients retrieve back their independence in terms of being self-reliant. Secondly, a nurse should be able to visualize or presume a patients plight so that he or she can know the true needs of the patient.In regards to Nightingales theory, the two main elements that stand out are the environment element and the role of a nurse in controlling the environment. These two elements are essential to my own

Selection and Training Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Selection and Training Plan - Assignment Example(2). Is the applicant going to be motivated to be successful? (3) Is he going to butt the needs of the organisation? The outline of the plan is as followsIn this case, the structured interviews will be used to choose the right candidate. The advantage of this strategy is that it is comprised of painstaking and systematic planning and it is often conducted by a skilled interviewer. This character reference of interview mainly focuses on the requirements of the telephone line and this is the reason why it has been chosen for this item task. The following questions will be asked in the interview.The new employee training approach required for this post will be technically based. Most training in this case will be directed at improving as well as upgrading the employees technical skills in the field of operation. We are operating(a) in an environment that is characterised by technological changes hence the need improve the technical sk ills of the workers. For instance, the position of Product Review Technician is technically based and it requires constant training. This type of training will be carried out on the job where the employee will constantly improve his knowledge through learning different facets of the work. However, off the job training can also be carried out in the event that there have been major technical changes taking place in a certain type of job. This will enhance the employees to acquire new knowledge from specialists who have knowledge in this particular

Research and Writing Handbook Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Research and Writing Handbook - Essay ExampleHowever during the course of this discussion we would be analyzing the killing and the subsequent riots that sparked in the by and bymath from the perspective of identity duologues. However it is important that an idea regarding the understanding of identity negotiations is first acquired. Identity negotiations is referred to as a process through the athletic supporter and application of which race get an understanding and reach upon an agreement regarding the identity of different people living in their society. It is with the help of this understanding that people really assume their identities and consequent roles that they need to fulfil in the societal setup they are a part of. (Bakir and David. 2007) On psychological grounds the phenomenon of identity negotiation uncovers a different aspect which is based upon the clash that takes place between the expectations of perceivers with self-views that targets hold. It is under such a condition that people and members of a society consume in a battle of wills and it is in the midst of these conditions that a society gets stratified and once again yearns for an identity. (Swann. 1987) The disastrous events that took place in London after the killing of Mark Duggan provided a comprehensible manifestation of a divided community and society members. This can further be verified from the details that bugger off been disclosed by journalists covering these haunting events. At one end there were people who did condemn the killing of Duggan but were not in kick upstairs of the chaos that followed in the aftermath. They encouraged peaceful ways through which they could bring the attention of state policy makers towards this crucial issue, hence it is clear that this particular plane section of the society refrained from exercising any violent means of protest. Unfortunately, it was this very discussion section of the society that had to pay maximum price of their non -violent behavior in the form of homophile as well as material loss. Their businesses were burned and they themselves gained injuries while trying to protect it. Quoting David Lawrence, the author of the story I know people who have unconnected everything they ever owned because their homes were burned down over the weekend. I know people who have worked hard to create successful businesses and now have vigour to show for it (Lawrence. 2011) in an overnight turn of events they lost everything that they once rightfully owned. On the other hand there was also a particular segment that took complete advantage of this situation in creating wreck and havoc in different areas. It has primarily been the activities of these members of London society that have unleashed a violent and uncivilised picture of a society which was at one point of time referred to as the most civilised society in Europe. The plunder and looting that these people convinced onlookers that the elements of radical ism, extremism and rebellion are present in almost all people however what is shockingly astounding regarding these riots is the very identity that outlaws disguised as when conducting all these activities. They took on a new form of societal role which was appalling, dangerous and disastrous. Once again quoting Lawrence They just saw it as an opportunity to crop havoc and seek things for personal gain. Stealing trainers from JD Sports? Taking phones from T-Mobile? Removing the hole in the wall, literally leaving a hole in the wall? All in

Public money and bailout Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Public property and bailout - Essay ExampleThe governments argument is establish on the fact that if the private companies were not assisted properly, most of the companies will be forced to cancel the service contracts of thousands of workers which will again increase the unemployment problem. In a country like United States, most of the employment contracts be based on the at-will employment types. Such employment contracts grant permission for the employers to dismiss their workers even without citing a proper reason. So unemployment problem will go beyond the grasp of the governments if the private companies were not assisted properly at this juncture of financial crisis. It is under this perception that thegovernments justifying their action to bailout private companies. In their valiant efforts to vitiate pain now, our governments are not asking themselves how much employment could be gene sited if the billions they are earmarking could be invested more wisely. The truth, ho wever, is that carmakers were already receiving lavish support from the public round long before the foundations of the worlds economy started to wobble. Between 2003 and 2007, the European Investment Bank gave 6.5bn in loans to carmakers, including companies like Jaguar and Land Rover that prize customers with more money than brains. (Cronin, 2009)Currently, private businesses and companies around the world, especially in Western economies, have already started laying off thousands of their employees, attempting of course to save themselves from a credit crunch and a looming global recession. The US unemployment figures rose to 7.2 per cent from 4.9 per cent in Dec 2008 (Bureau of Labour Statistics, 2009).Reports from western countries showed that many people have lost their jobs and many are afraid of losing it in near future. The current crisis seems to be deepened from day by day. All the remedial measures taken by the governments were proved to be insufficient to assume the i ssue. Nobody expect a magical recovery in the near future. This time recession came unexpectedly to most of the people. The economic pundits were failed to forecast the crisis early abounding to warn the people or the governments. The new American administration led by Barak Obama is facing the huge challenge of how to tackle the current crisis and at the like time how to preserve the jobs of the working class. Most of the common people are working in Public money and bailout 3private companies and hence the governments cannot rub away from their moral responsibility of assisting the common people in preserving their jobs.According to a recent report by the IMF, growth in emerging and create economies is expected to slow sharply, from 6.25 percent in 2008 to 3.25 percent in 2009. (Cardozo, 2009) One of the prominent growing economies in the world, India has reported that they are expecting a growth order of 7.1% though they anticipated more than 9% before the crisis begun. Most of the other emerging and developing economies found it extremely difficult to sustain their growth rate even though the crude oil determines has come down a lot. In order to analyze the depth of the crisis, the current crude oil price

Business incubation programs in Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6500 words

Business incubation programs in - Essay ExampleThe research methods details the two phases of the proposed research, the research protrude that will be followed, its rationale, and also identifies the research paradigm. The member on research instruments gives even greater details of precisely how the two instruments will be use and also their justification for doing so.In the literature review, the writer reviews what business incubators argon, their types and development, the need for them and their effectiveness. The section on incubators in Saudi Arabia then focuses on existing and be after incubators and technology parks in the kingdom, a briefing of their history, and discusses what potential they have. A more detailed example is given of the BADIR-ICT programme for technology incubation. The situation in Saudi Arabia is then contrasted with other programmes worldwide, and similarities are drawn with those that are regionally closer in terms of the challenges posed to incuba tors in developing countries. The following section then overviews some of the best practices so as to identify them. Finally, the section on wider perspective refocuses on the government side of business incubation programmes, and puts these in the context of the overall system in which they operate.The process of business incubation is a dynamic one for the purpose of developing business enterprises, and to make them financially viable for when they have to leave, usually within two or three years. Incubators nurture new firms by helping them to survive and develop during their start-up period because it is during this conviction that they are most vulnerable and can therefore take advantage of assistance given to them. This could be in the form of managerial, administrative, financial or effectual assistance for example, and in the case of technology based incubators in particular, in the form of technological assistance. The types of facilities offered in incubators usually in clude shared offices, equipment, etc. The leases are also

Employability and Personal Development Assignment - 1

Employability and Personal Development - Assignment ExampleThe employee, if works efficiently under a concrete and esteemed employer, can expect promotions, pay increases and a decent pension to retire with. Traditionally, a career would comprise of standardised jobs, like a cook, food caterer, and a hotel chef. An experience of jobs as diverse as a doctor, a designer, and a cook would not tralatitiously implant of a career. The traditional theme also emphasizes on a career as a profession, which is perceived to belong to a higher socio-economic standard and gives great independence. As such, lawyers and doctors fall as examples of traditional careers. The limitations of traditional careers, namely downscaling of the workforce by firms, declining mutual loyalty between the employers and the employed and rising job credentials evolved the nature of careers over the decades that help individuals adjust to the rising uncertainties of the working environment. Most common of this co ntemporary or modern perspective of careers is boundaryless careers. They operate beyond the hierarchical, kindly and industrial parameters, and are not linked to a central employment lay, and have a good degree of inter-organizational mobility. This is hence followed by people focussing on a global career. This is in contrast to a traditional career, which is highly immobile and where a single career path and organizational setting has to be adhered to. Also, a modern career requires individuals to be highly self-responsible in their career choices and determine career goals based o personal value, which is contrary to traditional careers where organization determines the career path to be followed. This evolutional in career opportunities mean that I have a wider range of choices available in modern careers with greater autonomy, despite employing the similar skills as could have been applied in a traditional career.

Leadership Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leadership - Research Paper ExampleAs such, Whitmans ultimate leadership strength was her knowledge of when to abide a sense of effect to develop and when to continue on (Suriyamurthi et al., 2013). Similarly, with respect to the sulfur determinant listed above, Whitmans exhibits the importance of tailoring and lasering her management message to gratify the given needs within the specific workgroup she seeks to integrate with. This is a skill that many might otherwise overlook however, it is one of the utmost importance collect equal to the fact that without the ability to target the given sh areholder with identifiable and gripping information, no matter how important the subject or how great the need to join on sales might be, the message will doubtless appear flat and otherwise stale (Dries & Pepermans, 2012). Comparatively, Whitman utilizes keen levels of communication to engage stakeholders with the excitement and uniqueness of HPs product designs serving to drum up support and interest for the products long before they were even able to integrate with the consumer market. As a subject matter of presenting herself as the sole individual on an otherwise empty stage and methodically yet engagingly discussing these products with both a physical and multimedia audience, Whitman is able to convey a sense of leadership awe and excitement that would likely not have been engaged by a lesser CEO (SCHAUBROECK et al., 2012). With regards to the second determinant, Whitman seemingly has a type of built-in understanding for the type of language that would grip the consumer and provide them with a sense of awe with regards to the given product that representing a dynamic level of leadership that helped to hone the marketing prowess with which she seeks to engage the consumer and define the organization by effectively representing its culture. As a range of this, her communication style is not one that wandered from topic to topic during the few brief minutes whi ch she engages with the public. Rather, there is a direct point, key functionalities, and technical specifications that are related to the would-be user within terms that would not frighten those that otherwise would not have a great deal of technical expertness or understanding (Senn et al., 2013). This primary knowledge of the market with which she was ultimately engaging was the primal reason why HP has become such a muddle of US technology and engineering that it is today. Moreover, Whitman herself is a unique example of a management professional that was actually responsible for the development of the final product alternatively than merely a CEO that oversees projects completed under her watch. As a function of this technical standpoint from which Whitman necessarily approaches the business world, her communication style differentiates extensively from that of other leaders and managers (Muethel et al., 2012). Yet with regards to the means whereby Whitman was effectively abl e to utilize both verbal and non-verbal communication

Journal 8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Journal 8 - Essay ExampleThe medium in which Rehnquist used is oil on aluminum, providing it a different texture. Additionally, F-111 fully wraps roughly four different walls, taking up a lot of space and the area is completely filled with a variety of images.B The painting itself is appears to be a grouping of icons from the time period, most especially easily determined by the girl under the 60s style hair dryer. Additionally, the scale on which it was sundry(a) is enormous, filling up an entire space. The image of the airplane passes through many other objects that do not seem to relate to it at all in terms of context but include the girl, what appears to be an advertisement for spaghetti and then an explosive cloud. This piece of art is contemporary and ahead of its time but could possibly reflect the issues during that time such as the war in Vietnam and shows that while there was a war going on, there are other pieces of American nostalgia also

Customer Service Operation and excellence (Scenario Based Project Essay

Customer Service Operation and excellence (Scenario Based Project Report) - Essay pillowcaseIt is therefore important that the management of academic libraries understand that successful emolument organisations like successful product oriented firms, must understand the way the customer goes ab prohibited making a decision to purchase a service, how quality is evaluated, and in what ways a company can present a derivative instrument advantage relative to the competition (Berkowitz et al. 1997, p. 352). According to Quinn (2007) in recent times the educational community, generally and the library profession in particular have displace increasing emphasis on the service quality model. This model has customer satisfaction as its primary objective as traditional measures of academic library quality such as collection size becomes secondary. In assessing service quality the customer compares expectations about the service offered to actual experience with the service. Gap outline i s a tool that is used to identify the differences (gap) between what is expect and what is experienced. According to Berkowitz et al (1997, p.353) this type of analysis requires consumers to assess their expectations and experiences on dimensions of service quality as described in the table that follows. Dimension Definition Reliability Ability to perform the promised service dependably and accurately. Tangibles Appearance of physical facilities, equipment, personnel and communication materials. responsiveness Willingness to assist customers and get out prompt and efficient service Assurance Knowledge and courtesy of employee and their ability to convey trust and confidence to customers Empathy Caring, individualised attention that is hand overd to customers. shelve 1 Dimensions of Service Quality Adapted from Marketing 5th Edition Berkowitz et al (1997, p. 353) Dimensions of service Quality in Academic Libraries In the context of service quality and customer satisfaction, of i mportance, is the need to look at the service that the library provides in order to see how it can fulfil expectations. The role of the library is to provide resource materials for its customers. But, who exactly are these customers? They are students, administrators, faculty members and the general public. Reliability In terms of reliability the library must be able to provide the student with a book, journal or other resource material which bequeath enable the completion of a required task. While the librarian is expected to provide the service in a timely manner, there is the need for the student to exercise some skills in how to access required materials to carry out his or her role. The librarian however, is available to provide some guidance but the student independence is of extreme importance in the development of worthwhile skills which will be required in the future. The student or faculty member will need, at some point in time, the necessary guidance from the librarian, who have got the necessary skills and experience, and who will be able to provide information and resources that will be useful in carrying out the required task in a timely manner. Tangibles While the aesthetics of the environment is of extreme importance, it is not very important in a non-profit making environment as it is in a profit making organisation. However, the library as a facility for research and a learning environment should provide a measure of relaxation and powderpuff that is conducive to studying. The emphasis is on providing an environment that will allow for the

Assignment Bachelor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Assignment Bachelor - Essay ExampleMore to that, law develops out procedures on how things should be done, who should be involved and so on and these procedures apply to all people who are governed by that law. Moving away from the basics, this paper shall be control by questions regarding the Australian legal system so that a clear understanding of the various implications of their legal system is demonstrated.Do common law, the taps and the doctrine of Precededent report to serve the useful function in the regulation of business conduct and the resolution of business disputes Alternatively, should all business resolution be subject to economyThe Australian court system is similar to that of Britain as it was a British colony. It mainly uses the common law and the statute. The statute is made by the legislation while the common law complys the doctrine of precedence which is borrowed from a Latin phrase stare decisis which translates to the decision says or simply the rule ma de by precedent judges. The doctrine of precedence is not constituted so much on the ideal decision made but rather the principles that guided the arrival to that decision. (Gilford and Gilfford, 1983,p5). As pointed out, not all law follows precedence and this is where statute law comes in. legislation allows for codification so that common law may be altered to set new precedence and also suit with the current needs of the community. The Australian court system is categorized into 3 distinct courts namely the high court (supreme courts) the county courts and the magistrate courts. The Supreme Court is the highest court in the land and has jurisdictions to listen to miscues of appeal and also handle cases of high profile say constitutional challenges and interpretation. The magistrate courts are the last(a) courts and handle civil and criminal cases of lighter nature. Given the fact that the doctrine of precedence prevails in the Australian court system, the magistrate and disti nct courts are bound to follow rulings of the higher court where two cases are similar in fact and circumstance. This means that a lower court cannot be able to overrule precedence. On the other hand, the high court has the jurisdiction to overhaul previous precedence if it feels that it is outdated and therefore set new precedence. Common law has its strengths and weaknesses. For example, it has the advantage of desktop a pattern of handling disputes hence one may be in a position to predetermine a court ruling rightful(prenominal) by studying previous rulings. As noted, any law should have consistency and common law provides for this. In the instance where no similar case has been handled before, common law gives room to set precedence. It also assists judges arrive at a decision faster and hence save time and bring on sound mind since previous reasoning used by judges is at the center of common law. Common law has played a major role in maintaining regulation of business cond uct through setting out remedies to business misconduct, negligence and damages and as such has acted as a deterrent to stop individuals from repeating similar mistakes. Legislation plays a pertinent role in business resolution to disputes and perhaps should always be the footing upon which remedies are found. However, not all

High School Graduation Ceremony Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

High School Graduation Ceremony - Essay ExampleIt could never go for brought more joy to my family and me as it marked a great step in my academic and social life. This is mainly because, I was going to process to my succeeding(prenominal) level of education, and this would mean a lot especially to my parents who were eager to see me complete my education in a successful manner. To me, it meant relieving myself of some academic vehemence as I set my eyes on college education. On the other hand, it was a turning point in my social life in umteen aspects mainly because I was going to change my learning environment. This is especially what excited meowing to the numerous enticing stories I had heard concerning juicyer education. Due to enthusiasm somewhat completing my high school education, I together with my parents planned appropriately to ensure that the graduation ceremony was a success. This was particularly so because I was in the process of transition to new levels of acad emic engagements and, therefore, I had to bid farewell to the high school life together with my friends. Concerning my social life, I had great anticipations that high school graduation was going to be the turning point by influencing the kinds of friends I was going to make in my future life. Although I had good friends in high school, I was very anxious on that day because I was sure that I was going to make even more friends and perhaps understand my relationships to the next level. In this respect, I vividly remember talking with friends about the kind of life and friends that we were to expect once we would be enrolled for colleges. Since I was leaving my friends in order to go and make new friends, I had to make the day memorable by inviting friends and families. What particularly motivated me was the fact that I would miss about of my friends whereby I was going to meet strangers and make new friends. Thus, the social aspect of my graduation ceremony was a real factor to re ckon with. In the to a higher place regards, my graduation ceremony was a colorful one thanks to many friends and relatives who gave a helping hand in the planning and organizing parts.

The Factors That Affect Apple Brand Strategy Essay

The Factors That Affect Apple Brand Strategy - Essay ExampleThe paper leave alone therefore throw light on the Research Questions and Hypotheses as formulated by an author, based on which entire research process is conducted. The next sections will be about Literature Review in which contributions of theorists will be critically reviewed. The research moves on with a Case Study on Apple incorporation after which the author will discuss appropriate findings and analyze the scope of Research Questions. Finally, the paper will discuss Research Limitations, Suggestions / Recommendations to strategic planners of Apple bon ton and will end this research project by providing conclusions, which will be drawn from the current use of brand strategies, their scope, and workability in future. This last section will also discuss if any advancements may take place in branding and marketing of consumer products because of digitalization, universalization, and internationalization in upcoming ye ars.The globalization of world in the 1990s after the advent of internet followed by advancements and developments in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has created unlimited business opportunities for people across the globe. Indeed, the trade among nations has increase drastically in last two decades because of availability of better communication and networking infrastructure that in turn facilitates profit-maximizing enterprises to initiate new ventures in domestic and foreign markets. In addition, the international community has also opted to eliminate barriers to trade and commerce through international agreements such as GATT, NAFTA (North American Free look at Agreement) and WTO (World Trade Organisation). Indeed, these free trade agreements and rationalization of custom and import duties were an attempt to create new employment for citizens and provide maximum investment opportunities to their businesses.

American Middle Class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

American Middle Class - Essay ExampleProgressive ideas motto the transformation of a study sector of the American economy. The presidents who were elected during this period were progressive. Progressive idea was to transform and advance major sectors of America in terms of technology, high level of education, wiping reveal corruption and revival of infrastructure. This paper seeks to discuss the impact of industrialization on America middle class in the last half of the 19th ascorbic acid (1865-1915). After maintenance of relative stability, people from Caribbeans, Latin America, and West Indies migrated to America to seek new position and offered their expertise. Moreover, European immigrants offered expertise for agricultural and industrial expansion. Consequently, there was rapid economic growth in all sectors of America economy mostly in the north and the west. This also saw an increase in income of the American middle class. Relative peace was also achieved in the southern part after the defeat and failure of the secessionist movement. The American middle class had an opportunity to iron out corruption as a majority joined the progressive party (McGeehan and Gall 121). industrial enterprise was of significance to the United States of America. It was generally referred to, as industrial revolution. Industrialization in America was change from homemade production to the technological use of machine and industry dependence. The most important trick in America was the invention of the weaving and spinning machine. Initially, the machine was operated on water but later invention of steam led to its replacement. Americas growth rate change significantly to same level as its competitors such as Britain. This led to transformation of America from a small economy into a modern urban industrial state. At the same time, there was a significant transformation of American society specially the middle class (Hillstrom and Laurie 111-118). Before the rise of t he industrial revolution in America, Britain was the major producer and supplier of manufactured goods. However, late 19th century and early 20th century saw the emergence of America. In the late 1800s, America became a major producer and supplier of manufactured goods overcoming Britain. New sources of market were available, hence, easy supply to new areas. More importantly, America is a country endowed with great natural resources. Therefore, America did not rely on any country for supply of raw materials for its industries like other countries that were handout through industrial revolution at the period. The major raw materials that existed and still exist in America are coal, iron ore, copper, lead, timber, and oil. Coal was significantly utilise in provision of energy for the industries. Moreover, there was abundant and cheap supply of labor. The period between 1865 and 1900 saw a high migration of people to America especially Europeans, West Indies, Caribbeans and Latin Ame ricans. High population of immigrants looking for industrial jobs made labor cheap and hence industries made huge profit. Additionally, this period saw the emergence of America middle class. There was improved income and high amount of wage. Consequently, this provided capital for expansion of America business. This provided a large group of consumers of manufactured goods. The phylogenesis of new technology ensured that the cost of productivity was low,

John Dewey Essay Example for Free

John Dewey EssaySynopsisJohn Dewey was born October 20, 1859, in Burlington, Vermont. He taught at universities from 1884 to 1930. An academic philosopher and proponent of educational reform, in 1894 Dewey started an experimental elementary school. In 1919 he cofounded The reinvigorated School for Social Research. Dewey published over 1,000 pieces of writings during his lifetime. He died June 1, 1952, in New York, New York Early LifeJohn Dewey was born on October 20, 1859, to Archibald Dewey and Lucina Artemisia Rich in Burlington, Vermont. He was the third of the couples quaternity sons, one of whom died as an infant. Deweys mother, the daughter of a wealthy farmer, was a devout Calvinist. His father, a merchant, left his grocery business to become a due north Army soldier in the Civil War. John Deweys father was known to share his passion for British literature with his offspring. After the war, Archibald became the proprietor of a successful tobacco shop, affording the fam ily a comfortable life and financial stability.Teaching CareerThe autumn after Dewey graduated, his cousin landed him a teaching transaction at a seminary in Oil City, Pennsylvania. Two years later, Dewey lost the position when his cousin resigned as principal of the seminary.After being laid off, Dewey went support to Vermont and started teaching at a private school in Vermont. During his free time, he read philosophical treatises and discussed them with his former teacher, Torrey. As his fascination with the topic grew, Dewey intractable to take a break from teaching in order to study school of thought and psychology at Johns Hopkins. George Sylvester Morris and G. Stanley Hall were among the teachers there who influenced Dewey most.Upon receiving his doctorate from Johns Hopkins in 1884, Dewey was chartered as an assistant professor at the University of Michigan. At Michigan he met Harriet Alice Chipman, and the two married in 1886. Over the course of their marriage, they wou ld give birth to half dozen children and adopt one child. PhilosophyDeweys philosophical treatises were at first inspired by his reading of philosopher and psychologist William James writing. Deweys philosophy, known as experimentalism, or instrumentalism, largely centered on human experience. Rejecting the more rigid ideas of Transcendentalism to which Dewey had been exposed in academia, it viewed ideas as tools for experimenting, with the object of improving the human experience.Deweys philosophy also claimed than man behaved out of habit and that change often led to unexpected outcomes. As man struggled to understand the results of change, he was forced to think creatively in order to resume control of his shifting environment. For Dewey, thought was the means through which man came to understand and connect with the world around him. A ecumenic education was the key to teaching people how to abandon their habits and think creatively.Education ReformJohn Dewey was a strong pro ponent for progressive educational reform. He believed that education should be based on the principle of learning through doing.In 1894 Dewey and his wife Harriet started their own experimental primary school, the University Elementary School, at the University of Chicago. His goal was to test his educational theories, but Dewey resigned when the university president fired Harriet.WritingDewey wrote his first two books, Psychology (1887) and Leibnizs New Essays Concerning the Human Understanding (1888), when he was working(a) at the University of Michigan. Over the course of his lifetime, Dewey published more than 1,000 works, including essays, articles and books. His writing covered a broad range of topics psychology, philosophy, educational theory, culture, religion and politics. Through his articles in The New Republic, he established himself as one of the most highly regarded social commentators of his day. Dewey continued to write prolifically up until his death.Later Life an d DeathIn 1946, Dewey, hence 87, remarried to a widow named Roberta Grant. Following their marriage, the Deweys lived off of Robertas inheritance and Johns book royalties. On June 1, 1952, John Dewey, a lifelong supporter of educational reform and defender of rights for everyman, died of pneumonia at the age of 92 in the couples New York City apartment.

Most Violated School Policies Essay Example for Free

Most Violated School Policies EssayThe formation of character is one of the virtually pregnant features of the educational musical arrangement at the University of Baguio. For this reason, the imposed hold in, piece of music observant to the rights and feelings of opposites, is firm, especi everyy when the reputation of the student body and institution is at stake. Students atomic pattern 18 expected to manifest both deep down and outside the University, the respect for edict, morality, someone-to-person honor, and rights of others, which is required of God-fearing men and women. (UB student pass onbook, Article XIV 2010 Edition)Schools have policies that are being implemented for the general welfare of its constituents. These policies provide a effectuate of rules that the students, teachers, etc. should fol slump. These rules are necessary for the order and uniformity of the students deep down the teach premise. Even with the presence of these rules, some of t he students violate them disregarding the sanctions that go along with it. The devise constitution originated from the Latin word politia or polity.Defined as a definite course of march adopted for the sake of expediency, facility, etc. an proceeding or procedure conforming to or considered with reference to prudence or expediency. (http//dictionary.reference.com/browse/policy)Educational policies are signifi batht beca commit these are rules that are utilise in schools to discipline students. These rules determine how effective and efficient the school is in managing students and personnel. The policies have great influence in the quality of education in an area. Educational policies are important beca workout effective policies can help students in school on their day to day activity.For a policy to become effective, it must have a well-pronounced outcome, assumptions should be clear and explicit, linkage to governmental direction must be present, receiv commensurate proces s in the development has to be observed, the priority should be on the prevalent interest, expectations have to be made, the policy must be both efficient and effective, results should be stated in measurable terms, evaluation of results should be capable, funding and storage altogetherocation of resources must be appropriate, accountability should non be vague, it should be lawful and administered, it must be based from history, ideas have to be verified before execution, and the policy results should be well stated. (http//manuals.ucdavis.edu/resources/coordinators.htm) one and only(a) of the factors why students violate school policies can be explained through their different behaviours. Behaviour is the manner of behaving or conducting oneself the aggregate of all the responses made by an organism in any situation. (http//dictionary.reference.com/browse/behavior) Based on Operant Conditioning of B.F. Skinner All behaviour ca utilize by foreign stimuli and all behaviour can be explained without the need to consider upcountry mental states or consciousness. It heart and soul that the actions done by students are responses to its environment. (http//www.learning-theories.com/behaviorism)A nonher part of behaviourism is Radical Behaviourism which is the connection to role of emotions and the major differences in the acceptance of mediating structures and etc. In order to resolve this problem the group name out that the best settlement is the use of Biometric identification ashess which can be grouped based on the main strong-arm characteristic that lends itself to biometric identification. There are different kinds of biometric organisation in which the fingerprint biometrics is the comm just now utilize one. There are to a fault other biometric identification dusts such as the overtake geometry, palm vein trademark, retina scan, iris scan, face recognition, signature, and portion analytic thinking. There are biometric systems that are comp osed of much than two physical characteristics to be identified.Statement of the conundrum1) What are the reasons why these students violate such policies? 2) What are the most common policies that are violated by the violators? 3) How can the proposed biometric ID system control students from violating the wearing of ID? eye socket and DelimitationThis proposal was limited only to the students of the University of Baguio including the administrative staff, teachers, faculty and utilities.Significance of the StudyWith the help of this proposal, the University of Baguio would be able to control every gateway and clog of the school. The act of non wearing IDs for the students would no longer be possible because they will not be able to read the school without their IDs. The biometric ID system would establish the security of the academe for the safety of the students. The sentence when the students would enter and leave their classes would be monitored. The system would be able to determine if the students will skip their classes. Also, the entry of thieves and pick-pocketers within the school premises would no longer be possible due to this proposal. With this modernized system to be established in the University, all of the students and personnel of the school will benefit from it.FRAMEWORKThe leniency of the marshals in checking the IDs and proper wearing of uniforms, students not fol smalling the rules and regulation of the school and to monitor the entrance and exit of the students of University of Baguio within the schools vicinity are the reasons why the investigateers proposed an ID Biometric System.The students violated the above mentioned rules due to leniency, habitual actions of students, laziness, and un cherished behaviours of students. approximately students just wanted to violate such policies because they thought that it was a fun and interesting thing to do.If the proposed project will be fully implemented, there will be organizati on in the school campus and an effective monitoring of the passage ways in entering and going out of the school. Based on these factors that we have retrieved on the info that we have collected, the theory that would best support our proposal is the belief theory. We chose this theory because we, the researchers, believe that the proposed biometric ID system will work and we will therefore translate these beliefs into action. The researchers visualize that this would be able to control the re descendring problems that are being done by the University of Baguio students and that is the reason why we have made this very proposal.DEFINITION OF TERMS* Biometric pertaining to, noting, or using a persons unique physical and other traits for the purpose of identification and security. * Coincide to occupy exactly corresponding or same positions on a scale or in a series * Identification psychological orientation of the self in regard to something (as a person or group) with a resulti ng feeling of close emotional association. * Implementation the act of implementing, or putting into effect. * Policy a definite course of manner of action selected from among alternatives and in light of given conditions to guide and determine present and future decisions. * Proposal An act of putting forward or stating something for consideration. * Scanner a cheat sensing a recorded information.* System a group of devices or artificial objects or an organization forming a network especially for distri justing something or fortune common purpose. * Units a piece or complex apparatus serving to perform one particular functionASSUMPTIONThe group assumed that if the proposal is to be approved by the Board of Directors, it would be implemented immediately. The ordered units will be put up to the designated areas and the Biometric system will start functioning. With the bare-assed system of the school, there will be an organization in school activities. The school then will b e a safe and humane derriere to study.CHAPTER IIREVIEW OF RELATED LITERARTUREI. EXECUTIVE SUMMARYIn the millennial years rapidly advancing technological world, the print of security is becoming a more and more pressing matter. Computer crimes and identity theft related to crimes are becoming more rampant and apparent, requiring better solutions to cope with them. One of the proposed methods for solution for future mellow- applied science security issues lies in the palm of biometrics. biometry defined simply in its regard to security matters is any method or engineering science which uses biologic ratements to facilitate authentication for verification or identification of a particular user.Although still in major phases of development, biometrics is seen as a highly semiprecious initiative to one day replace present day security authentication practices due to its ideal concept of being virtually risk leave office and non-inaccurate. This paper will analyze all aspects concerning biometrics including its boilers suit concept, how a biometrical authentication system works, controversial issues concerning its implementation, its current uses in technology, business, and governmental agencies and its future developments.II. excogitation OF BIOMETRICS IN SECURITYA. TWO CATEGORIESBiometrics can be subdivided into two main categories. These admit physiological and behavioral categories of specific measurements. Physiological measurements include biological characteristics inbuilt to individual human beings. Some of these would include facial structure, fingerprints, hand structure, iris and DNA structure of a particular person. Behavioral measurements measure dynamics in individual behaviors. Some of these would include keystroke behavior, signature and voice recognition.B. VARIOUS METHODS FOR COLLECTING MEASUREMENTSFACE Facial recognition involves technology which scans the face and interprets the selective information as recognizable characterist ics of a particular user, including the size and shape of the face and their relationship to each other. Facial recognition is a natural method that man use to identify people they come into contact with, but it is not an easy method to duplicate for identification on a biometric system. This is due to changes such as malleable surgery, weight gain or weight loss which can cause the results to be inaccurate. Another emerging method of collecting biometric culture involving the face is facial thermograph which detects and measures the heat patterns created by the branching business line vessels within the face and emitted through the skin.FINGERPRINT fingerprint outline has been around for centuries as a gist of identifying people. It has been evidenced that ancient Chinese employ fingerprinting to sign legal documents as long ago as 1000 BCE. Fingerprint psychoanalysis involves examining the ridges on an individual fingerprint in order to match them to a specific owner. HAN D delves can be analyzed and metrical in a few different ways. Aside from fingerprints, another way to use hands in biometrical analysis is through hand geometry which measures and compares the different physical characteristics of a persons hand such as shape and size. Another method concerning hands is palm vein authentication which uses an infrared beam to penetrate a persons hand and measure the complexity of the vein patterns within that persons hand. This specific method is more useful than hand geometry measurement because palm vein patterns are internal to the body, and unvoiced to be counterfeited by an illegitimate user.EYES Eyes can be used in two different ways as a part of a biometrical scrutiny process. Iris examine involves analysis of the rings, furrows, and freckles in the pupil of the eye of a particular human. Retina scanning involves analysis of the capillary blood vessels located in the back of the eye. DNA DNA verification uses analysis of genetic informati on found within a specific persons DNA write in code (or genetic code) as a means of identifying that person. DNA analysis is often used now as a method for identifying paternity of a persons fry or in forensic crime investigations as a evidence for convicting individuals for crimes such as murder or rape. ODOR SCENT Odor and sweetness analysis is a fairly new development in biometrical analysis and is based on a theory entitled individual odor theory.This theory is premised on the notion that each person has a particular and unique scent. In forensics, odor analysis has been used to identify people by the use of blood hounds (dogs). utter ANALYSIS Voice analysis involves analyzing of the pitch, tone, cadence, and frequency of a particular users voice to facilitate authentication. Voice analysis can technically be seen as both a physiological trait as well as a behavioral trait because voice is not only inherent to a specific person, but too the way that person speaks is also a unique and measurable trait. SIGNATURE Signature analysis analyzes the way a person writes his/her signature as a basic means of identification.Although handwriting proficiencys vary for individuals throughout their lifetimes, handwriting identification is seen as a scientifically sure criterion for measurement. KEYSTROKE Keystroke analysis measures the dynamics of a persons typing rhythms to facilitate authentication of a particular person. Keystroke analysis whitethorn be more useful than other methods of identification because unlike other biometrical authentication methods, keystroke dynamics can still be measured throughout the computer session even after the opening control point has been successfully passed by the user. tread Another new developing biometrical technique is one which measures gait which is a persons particular way of walk and facilitating motion. Gait can be used effectively to recognize people coming in from a distance. COGNITIVE BIOMETRICS Cognitive bio metrics is also a developing method in biometrics which uses measurements of brain activity responses when triggered by specific stimuli and matched within a computer database as a means for authentication of a particular user of the system. Currently, systems which utilize this kind of method are being created to trigger responses to odor stimuli. In the future, other triggers whitethorn be used to create responses.C. PARAMETERSGiven the mixed methods for collecting biometrical data, each of these techniques must pass a set of parameters to a degree in order to be considered as a viable method for integration within a biometrical system. These parameters include UNIVERSALITY The belief of universality stipulates that every user should have the characteristic. Sometimes, in some cases this may not be true as it the case of a person with no hands who cannot use a hand analysis machine for verification. UNIQUENESS The principle of uniqueness involves the degree of how separable the biometric characteristic is between each individual person. PERMANENCE The principle of permanence involves how well the technique used for measuring is resistant to changes such as aging, human developmental processes such as pregnancy, or things such as plastic surgery.COLLECTABILITY The collectability principle is related to how easy the method is to acquire. Easier methods, as well as more sanitary methods are more ideal for a viable biometrical system. PERFORMANCE The mental process principle is concerned with the accuracy, speed and the strength of the technology used to authenticate the user. ACCEPTABILITY The acceptability principle is related to the degree of social approval for use of the technology as a means for collecting biometrical data. CIRCUMVENTION Circumvention involves, the biometrical systems ease of adaptation to a substitute should the system need one. 1. COMPARISON OF VARIOUS METHODS WITH PARAMETERS(Based on the Comparison of mixed Biometric technologies ta ble by A.K. Jain, et. al. 2004) FACE Facial scanning has a high level of universality because it is virtually impossible for any living human-being to possess no form of a face. Facial scanning scads low in its level of uniqueness due to the fact that it can be difficult to sort characteristics from person to person at times. This is due to some people having similar features which may be hard to distinguish. In the case of identical twins, this may not be a useful means for authentication at all. Facial scanning tons a spiritualist ranking under the permanence factor. This is due to the fact that although a persons actual facial characteristics never change, they are subject to transformations such as aging, weight gain or loss, and alterations such as plastic surgery or accidents. As far as collectability, facial scanning scores a high mark due to the fact that, going along with its high level of universality, every living human-being does have a face which is easy to locate on a human body.Facial scanning is low in performance because it can tend to be highly inaccurate due to the dynamical aspect of human faces. Facial scanning also scores high in acceptability as a comfortable and accepted way people would want to collect their biometrical data, but it scores low in circumvention because it doesnt have an easy substitute which can replace it. Facial thermograph scores high in universality, uniqueness, collectability, acceptability, and circumvention. It scores low in permanence and sensitive in performance. FINGERPRINT Fingerprinting scores medium in its level of universality. This is due to the fact that although all people inherently possess fingerprints at birth, fingerprints can still be damaged via rare skin diseases or through loss of fingers, abrasions, etc.Fingerprinting has a high level of uniqueness and a high level of permanence. Fingerprinting has a medium level of collectability and performance due to the fact that although it is easy to acquire for measurement, there is a 5% adversity to enroll rate which exists for everyone even with good sensors and analysis software. Fingerprinting has a medium level of acceptability by the public as a means for collecting data. This is because although it is an easy method of measurement, it may be unhygienic, inaccurate as well as easy to duplicate unlawfully. Fingerprinting has a high level of circumvention due to its ease of adaptation to a substitute if deemed necessary. HAND Hand geometry scores medium in its universality, uniqueness, permanence, performance, acceptability, and circumvention. Hand geometry scores high in its collectability aspect. Hand vein analysis also scores medium in universality, uniqueness, permanence, collectability, performance, and acceptability but it scores high in circumvention.The overall reason why hand analysis carries a medium ranking in virtually all the parameters listed is because of a human-beings ability to live without them. EYES Eye analysis provides for a more accurate analysis approach in a biometric system. Iris scanning scores high in universality, uniqueness, permanence, performance, and circumvention. This is due to the complexity and exclusivity of iris patterns which does make them a better choice method of biometric authentication. Iris scanning received a medium score in collectability and a low score in acceptability due to the complexity of the method and its suitability to the general masses. Retinal scanning also received similar scores, scoring high in universality, uniqueness, performance, and circumvention receiving a medium score in permanence, and low scores in both its collectability and acceptability. DNA DNA analysis has split results, scoring high in universality, uniqueness, permanence, and performance, and scoring low in collectability, acceptability, and circumvention.Although DNA can be extracted from a numerous amount of different ways, a method of extracting DNA in order to be used in a biometrical authentication system cannot be done without seeming invasive or unhealthful. Also, many people may be concerned with retirement matters concerning DNA analysis. ODOR SCENT Odor and scent analysis scores high in universality, uniqueness, and permanence. Although scents can be masked by deodorants, fragrances and lotions, the underlying biological scent of a person cannot be concealed. Odor analysis also scores low in collectability, performance, and circumvention, with a medium score in acceptability. VOICE ANALYSIS Voice analysis scores medium in its universality and collectability. It scores low scores in uniqueness, permanence, performance, and circumvention, make it not an ideal method for use in a biometrical system.This is because not only does a persons voice change throughout time, but people can knowingly change their voice or use technology to change their voice (such as a recording) in order to dupe a system. Voice analysis scores high in acceptabili ty due to the simplicity of the method. SIGNATURE Signature analysis scores low in universality, uniqueness, permanence, performance, and circumvention. It scores high in collectability, and acceptability. Signature analysis may not be an ideal method for authentication because although graphology experts can distinguish identities through meticulous handwriting analysis, it may be more difficult for a biometrical system to accurately analyze differences in handwriting for each individual person.This is because a persons handwriting can change depend on various things such as the mood of the person. Also some people may write similarly or use forgery to try to dupe the system. KEYSTROKE Keystroke analysis is another method which may be seen as not as tried and true as some of the other methods for collecting biometric information. Although it has the advantage of being able to simultaneously authenticate a user while he/she is still within the work session, keystroke analysis score s low for universality, uniqueness, permanence, and performance. It also has medium scores for collectability, acceptability, and circumvention. This may be due to the behavioral aspect of typing which can be easily changed if a person learns to type in different ways.GAIT Gait scores medium in universality and circumvention. Gait has low scores in uniqueness, permanence, and performance. Gait also has high scores in collectability and acceptability. Of all the various methods for collecting biometric data, some of the most reliable methods (according to the table by A.K. Jain et. Al) are iris scanning, retinal scanning, facial thermograph, fingerprint analysis, and DNA analysis. Some of the least reliable methods are keystroke analysis, signature analysis, and voice analysis. Overall, it appears that physiological data is seen as a more reliable method for collecting data than behavioral data. three. BIOMETRIC SYSTEM A. BIOMETRIC SYSTEMA biometrical system although seemingly compli cated, has only two main steps, regard slight of the methodology or the technology used to facilitate it. The system becomes with a process called enrollment which is when the biometric information from individual users is collected and stored within a database and translated into a code or graph. In some instances data may be stored on a smart card which can be carried away with the user. The next operation of the biometrical system is called testing. During this portion of the system, biometrical data is detected and compared with that which is in the database.In order for a biometrical system to be robust, it is necessary that the storage and retrieval of data within the system be highly secured. (http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/ flip/3/3c/Biometric_system_diagram.png/800px-) A biometrical system can carry out two main functions. These include verification or identification. In verification, the systems objective is to authenticate the user in conjunction with anoth er method such as a smart card, a username, or a password. With identification, the systems intention is to authenticate the user only on the basis of the biometrical data alone. The goal of this function is to identify the user according to the closest match within the allowable limit of the system.B. PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENTSThe performance of a biometric systems technology can be broken down into a variety of probability descriptions. These descriptions indicate the level of accuracy the system is able to achieve. FAR- The premier(prenominal) measurement is entitled anomalous Accept Rate. This measurement determines the likeliness of a biometric system incorrectly accepting access to the system by an un-authorized user. This measurement is deliberate by dividing the number of false acceptances by the number of times an identification attempt has been made. FRR- The second measurement is called a False Rejection Rate which measures the probability that a biometric system will in correctly reject an authorized user from using the system. This number is calculated by dividing the number of false rejections by the number of authentication attempts. EER- Equal error rate stands for the rate at which FAR and FRR are equal.This measurement can be used to compare two different biometric systems. Whichever biometric system has a lower EER is considered to be a more accurate system than the other. ROC- Receiver operating characteristics deals with the systems accuracy within certain environments as it relates to False Rejection and False Acceptance Rate results. FTE- FTE stands for failure to enroll rate. This measurement is calculated as a percentage of the data which failed to pass through the system due to in effectuality. disappointment to enroll typically happens when the sample data is of poor quality and does not match the data which is stored in the database of the system. FTC- FTC is the failure to capture rate. This measurement measures the probability th at the system will fail to pick up on a biometric characteristic when it is presented accurately. High calculations of this measurement typically mean that this authentication method will be difficult as well as frustrating to use.C. SUSCEPTIBLE AREAS OF ATTACK FOR BIOMETRICSThe three most susceptible areas of vulnerability for attack of a biometric system are 1) Copied-biometric attacks- where the attacker obtains a substitute for the true biometric sample in order to cause proper authentication to occur via the normal system procedures. 2) play back attacks- where perpetrators obtain valid templates from the original user and then use them to directly dupe the biometric system. 3) Database attacks- where perpetrators access a template database and obtain the ability to replace valid templates with invalid ones.IV. ISSUES WITH BIOMETRICSA. IDENTITY THEFT ISSUEAlthough the ideal goal of biometrical authentication is to have ultimate prevention of identity theft, the issue of an ill egitimate user having the ability to commit identity theft still exists within biometrics and can have even more dire circumstances than with non-biometrical authentication systems. Depending on the method used to collect the biometrical data, a persons identity can be stolen easily. An example of this would be in the case of fingerprints which can be taken from dyspneic objects such as glassware or metal objects and then duplicated in order to be used to dupe a biometrical system.The main problem concerning this issue is in the fact that if an individuals identification is stolen by another, the legitimate user may never be able to undo the damage which has been created because, unlike with non-biometrical authentication, once biometrical data has been compromised, it is compromised for the entirety of the legitimate users existence. One proposed possible solution for solving the issue of identity theft is to only use a portion of the biometric data, so that if the data does becom e compromised, it will not be entirely lost. This way, if one part of the data is stolen, another part of the original users biometric data can be used to replace it.B. PRIVACY ISSUEPrivacy can also be a staggering issue with the implementation of a biometrical system from a societal standpoint. Many people may not care to have all of their biological characteristics recorded on some medium for a variety of reasons. One concern is that if information is recorded on systems used at more than one location or by more than one entity, an individuals movements can be tracked preventing anonymity. Safety of the legitimate users can become compromised, if malevolent individuals choose to target that person in order to obtain their goal.Another issue regarding secretiveness involves physical harm which can be done to an individual using a biometrical system. Physical harm can occur by use of unsanitary instruments used in the technology to obtain the biometrical information, which may caus e the system to be considered unsafe. Another issue regarding privacy lies with the administrative ability to misuse users biometrical data without the consent of those users. Currently, few regulations exist to protect biometric information of individuals.C. SENSOR OBSTACLESDifferent types of technology (hardware software) used within different biometrical systems can counteract one another, making it difficult to have standardized biometrical data. One of the reasons this problem exists is because each vendor of biometrical technology generates their own encryption methods for the recorded information. Unfortunately, many of these encryption methods do not coincide with one another making the use of biometrical systems more difficult and less efficient. The only way unification of the different biometrical systems can occur is by a standardizing process which would require exposing of all the concealed data. Unfortunately, this can also present a serious threat.D. FAILURE TO MEET PARAMETERSAnother issue concerning implementation of biometrics is in the issue of a systems failure to meet parameters. In order for biometrical data to be interminable, the biological characteristic must be unique, universal, acceptable, collectible, reliable in regards to the performance and circumvention of the technology used to collect the data, but most importantly, the data must be permanent, which is the most fragile issue concerning the parameters of biometrical data. Unfortunately, most if not all biological characteristics are not guaranteed to be permanent. Many of them can be compromised via accidents, health problems or alterations such as surgery.V. CURRENT USES OF BIOMETRICSAlthough the field of biometrics as a whole is still in need of major development before widespread implementation will ever occur there are some entities including private perseverance and governmental agencies which currently utilize biometrical technology. Certain examples of American organi zations which currently use biometric technology include 1) Walt Disney mankind Walt Disney World uses fingerprint analysis technology to authenticate the fingerprints of guests in order to ensure that season tickets are used by the authorized ticket owner. This is in order to prevent lost sales through ticket sharing, as well as thefts. 2) First Tech Credit Union First Tech Credit Union is an Oregon based extension union which utilizes keystroke recognition technology for authentication of users on its online website.3) Casinos Over 100 American casinos such as the Imperial Palace casino in Las Vegas use facial recognition technology to identify and prevent known cheaters or dishonest patrons from entering into their establishments. 4) miss Childrens Clearinghouse A West Virginia based organization entitled Missing Childrens Clearinghouse uses biometric technology which utilizes scanned digital photographs to search for missing children. 5) Citibank Singapore Citibank in Singapo re uses fingerprint scanning technology for customers who use their clear platinum card for point-of-sale purchases.6) Coca Cola Coca Cola uses hand scanning machines to replace time cards for employees in order to document worker time keepinsg records. 7) Welfare crack-down New Jersey as well as six other states use biometric technology to crack down on individuals who abuse the welfare system by claiming benefits in multiple names. 8) Notebooks Computer products such as the Compaq Armada E500 are being highly-developed to use fingerprint scanning technology to verify the identity of the user. 9) Prisons Up to 100 American Prisons use biometric technology to regulate methadone dispersement among prisoners.VI. FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS IN BIOMETRICSSince the occurrence of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, a surge in the demand for biometric technology has begun. Stocks in publically trade biometric companies such as Visionics, Viisage Technology, and Indentix have soared with the overall biometric technology industry projected to have revenues approaching $10 billion dollars annually by 2020. Emerging trends for future uses of biometric technology seem to lean more towards law enforcement, homeland security, and security within certain types of private industry such as in airport security or finance. Many credit card companies such as Mastercard and Visa are beginning to implement biometric authentication methods to verify card users. Also, the Immigration and Naturalization Service may begin implementing biometric technologies to identify illegal immigrants.Certain types of biometric technology which are becoming more widespread include access control facial recognition technology which is used to permit only authorized individuals to enter upon certain facilities, facial recognition passive surveillance technology which is used to monitor premises in order to identify possible terrorists or suspect individuals, and alert management which includes the use of real-time technology in association with biometric technology to provide security alerts of likely security breaches. Applications which use biometric technology will also have an effect on commerce, particularly in e-commerce to provide extra security for online purchases, and installation within certain personal items such as cars and cell phones.VII. stopping pointAlthough not that long ago, the concept of having biometric technology as a part of our mainstream society may have been seen as a science-fictional impossibility, technological innovation has grown to the point where it is becoming more and more of a reality. Although we are not quite erect for widespread implementation of this technology, as the need for better hi-tech security increases, research as well as investor and consumer confidence and innovation within the biometric industry is also expected to improve. Although no single biometric system method is without flaws, combinations of these various methods a nd technologies may provide the ideal security that we hope to attain one day.CHAPTER IIIMETHODOLOGYThere was difficulty in determining the real students of the University of Baguio because of the hard-headed students who cannot abide with the simple rules and regulations which was the reoccurring problems of the security. Due to this problem, the mandos and magnas can easily enter the schools premises victimizing a lot of students. This was one of the reasons why such simple violations became a huge problem for the school.Regarding this matter, the group came up with an idea for a topic for their action research. Before they finalize their topic, the group went to the Office of the Student Affairs and interviewed the dean to know which rules are commonly violated by the students. After the interview, the group unflinching that the rules which are commonly violated are a) wearing of I.Ds inside the school campus and b) wearing of uniforms on the designated days.The group then conve ned and finalized their topic that would focus on A proposed Biometric ID system to control the reoccurring violations by University of Baguio students. Since there was already a topic to be talked about in the research, the group started to gather data which were relevant to the research proper like that of related studies and researches and terms that are significant to the study. After collecting relevant information for the research, the group prepared communication letters intercommunicate to the deans of the different schools of the University and respondents likewise with the survey questionnaire. Upon approval of the deans of the different schools, the group administered the questionnaires to the respondents.The survey forms were distributed to the eleven schools of the University having ten (10) respondents each to see which results have the same percentage which were used to know the reasons behind these actions. After distributing the survey questionnaires, the group the n retrieve the questionnaires and start tabulating the results. The tabulated data showed the reasons why the students violate these simple policies of the school.The result of the survey support the proposal that were passed to the Board of Directors. The group then proposed the biometric ID system that will be put up in every entrances and exits of the buildings in the University. The biometric ID system will most likely be very costly but disregarding such amount, the administration will approve it and immediately ordered the said system. By the time the systems that had been ordered arrive, the people designated by the higher ops will put up such systems on the designated areas to make the University a safe and humane place to study.CONCLUSIONIn light of the findings, the following conclusions are hereby presented Not wearing of ID has been a habit of the students. Sometimes the teachers themselves forget to check their students ID. The security guard also are not delicate in c hecking the IDs of these students. Because of this attitude most number of the student no longer uses their IDs. The students think that it is just fine not use their IDs.The researchers are found out that the school really need a biometric ID system. Approximately, one unit of the biometric system will cost more or less two hundred fifty thousand pesos. In such case the University of Baguio can still afford this system since it does not only help the students but it can also secure their safetyWith the help of this proposal it will lessen the burden of the security personnel. This proposal can also lessen the number of students violating the proper use of IDs. In such situation students can no longer use any ID because of the presence of finger prints. The students whether they like it or not would still be forced to use their IDs. Also, this proposal can help in the security of the school campus because outsiders can no longer come in because of the presence of finger prints.RECOM MENDATIONDrawing from the conclusions that the researchers arrived at, the following recommendations are forwarded. The researchers would recommend the strict implementation of the rules and regulations of the university and the maintenance of the biometric ID system. In addition, each of the gates should be closed. Also, the lenient checking on the wearing of IDs should be done. The guards should monitor every student entering the university. In case the students lost their IDs, we recommend that a password that would allow them to enter would be provided by the OSA during the time of the IDs loss.BIBLIOGRAPHYBOOKS* Addiction Today, Sept. 27, 2008. Prisons Use Biometrics to Manage Methadone. * Germain, Jack M., Sept. 11, 2003. Beyond Biometrics New Strategies for Security. * New York Times, Nov. 15, 2008. Technology and Media, a Surge in the Demand to use Biometrics. * Osborn, Alice, Aug. 17, 2005. emerging of Biometrics-Trends and Emerging Uses for Biometric Technology. * Panko, Raymond R., Corporate Computer and Network Security. New Jersey Prentice Hall, 2004. * Risk Management, Mar. 15, 2005. Biometrics The Future is Now. * Technology and Human Values Senior Seminar, 2008. Biometrics. * Tilton, Catherine J., Feb. 2006. The Role of Biometrics in Enterprise Security. * Wikepedia, Nov. 13, 2008. Biometrics.ONLINE* http//www.addictiontoday.org/addictiontoday/2008/09/prisons-use-bio.html. * http//www.ecommercetimes.com/story/31547.html?wlc=1226777438 * .http//query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F06E0DB163EF934A25751C1A9679C8B63sec=spon=pagewanted=1 * http//www.video-surveillance-guide.com/future-of-biometrics.htm * http//www.riskmanagementmagazine.com.au/articles/FF/0C02DDFF.asp?Type=124Category=1240 * http//www.dell.com/downloads/global/power/ps1q06-20050132-Tilton-OE.pdf . * http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biometricscite_note-jain_short_article-20 .